![]() As shown this can be interpreted as a rotation of the line connecting A-B. The introduction of viscous forces requires a model to obtain a set of conditions on the flow field to express the viscous stress tensor, direction. ![]() We end with the introduction to similarity solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations through an example problem. We will then show how this seemingly formidable set of equations can be simplified for a number of rather practical flow problems resulting in exact, analytical solutions. We will simplify the equations for incompressible constant property flows, which are useful for a vast majority of flow situations. 4826–4838.In this section we develop the governing equations for viscous flows resulting in the Navier-Stokes equations. Zuber, M.T., Parmentier, E.M., and Fletcher, R.C., Extension of continental lithosphere: a model for two scales of basin and range deformation, J. and Shubert, G., Geodynamics: Applications of Continuum Physics to Geological Problems, New York: Wiley, 1982. In an extended body, each part often applies forces on. Smith, R.B., The folding of a strongly non-Newtonian layer, Am. The rotational version of force is torque, which produces changes in the rotational speed of an object. Smith, R.B., Formation of folds, boudinage, and mullions in non-Newtonian materials, Geol. and Froidevaux, C., Stretching instabilities and lithospheric boudinage, J. and Solomatov, V., Mantle convection with a brittle lithosphere: thoughts on the global tectonic styles of the Earth and Venus, Geophys. However, it can become significant when gravity forces dominate, which is likely to occur at late times of injection. Deformation models from an analytical perturbation method, J. and Davy, P., Periodic instabilities during compression or extension of the lithosphere: 1. Lambeck, K., Structure and evolution of the intracratonic basins of Central Australia, Geophys. Lambeck, K., The role of compressive forces in intracratonic basin formation and mid-plate orogenies, Geophys. and Wu, P., Rheology of the upper mantle: a synthesis, Science, 1993, vol. 3905–3927.īyerlee, J.D., Brittle-ductile transition in rocks, J. and Diament, M., The effective elastic thickness (Te) of continental lithosphere: what does it really mean?, J. 909–922.īirger, B.I., Temperature-dependent transient creep and dynamics of cratonic lithosphere, Geophys. 635–641.īirger, B.I., Transient creep and convective instability of the lithosphere, Geophys. 1–12.īirger, B.I., Attenuation of seismic waves and the universal rheological model of the Earth’s mantle, Izv., Phys. 48–59.īirger, B.I., Rheology of the Earth and thermoconvective mechanism for sedimentary basins formation, Geophys. Therefore, these flows do not deform the Moho.īerckhemer, H., Auer, F., and Drisler, J., High-temperature anelasticity and elasticity of mantle peridotite, Phys. B) Contact forces such as friction are caused primarily by electrostatic forces. These flows are concentrated in the upper brittle crust, they determine the short-wave Earth’s surface topography, penetrate into the lower, creep-dominated crust to a shallow depth, and do not penetrate into the mantle. Which of the following provides evidence that there must be at least two types of electrical charge, but that there is only one type of mass A) The magnitude of the Coulomb's law constant differs greatly from the magnitude of the universal gravitational constant. It is shown that the flows that arise in the lithosphere due to the instability under horizontal compression and cause folding are small-scale. The allowance for transient creep gives the distribution of the rheological properties of the horizontally compressed lithosphere in which the upper crust is brittle, whereas the lower crust and mantle lithosphere are dominated by transient creep. The effective viscosity characterizing the transient creep is lower than in the case of a steady-state creep and depends on the characteristic time of the considered process. Folding is caused by horizontal compression that results from the collision between the lithospheric plates. In this work, we study how the rheology of the lithosphere that possesses elasticity, brittleness (pseudo-plasticity), and creep affects the folding in the Earth’s crust. Since plate tectonics only permits small deformations in the lithospheric plates, the creep of the lithosphere is transient (non-steady-state). The laboratory tests of rock specimens show that transient creep, at which deformations increase with time whereas strain rate decreases occurs when creep strains are sufficiently small.
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